stem/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/Back-Propagation.md

Error signal graph

!

1. Error Signal
   • e_j(n)=d_j(n)-y_j(n)
2. Net Internal Sum
   • v_j(n)=\sum_{i=0}^mw_{ji}(n)y_i(n)
3. Output
   • y_j(n)=\varphi_j(v_j(n))
4. Instantaneous Sum of Squared Errors
   • \mathfrak{E}(n)=\frac 1 2 \sum_{j\in C}e_j^2(n)
   • C = o/p layer nodes
5. Average Squared Error
   • \mathfrak E_{av}=\frac 1 N\sum_{n=1}^N\mathfrak E (n)

\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial w_{ji}(n)}=
\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial e_j(n)}
\frac{\partial e_j(n)}{\partial y_j(n)}
\frac{\partial y_j(n)}{\partial v_j(n)}
\frac{\partial v_j(n)}{\partial w_{ji}(n)}

From 4

\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial e_j(n)}=
e_j(n)$$
#### From 1
$$\frac{\partial e_j(n)}{\partial y_j(n)}=-1$$
#### From 3 (note prime)
$$\frac{\partial y_j(n)}{\partial v_j(n)}=
\varphi_j'(v_j(n))$$
#### From 2
$$\frac{\partial v_j(n)}{\partial w_{ji}(n)}=
y_i(n)$$

## Composite
$$\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial w_{ji}(n)}=
-e_j(n)\cdot
\varphi_j'(v_j(n))\cdot
y_i(n)

\Delta w_{ji}(n)=
-\eta\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial w_{ji}(n)}$$
$$\Delta w_{ji}(n)=
\eta\delta_j(n)y_i(n)$$
## Gradients
#### Output
$$\delta_j(n)=-\frac{\partial\mathfrak E (n)}{\partial v_j(n)}$$
$$=-
\frac{\partial\mathfrak E(n)}{\partial e_j(n)}
\frac{\partial e_j(n)}{\partial y_j(n)}
\frac{\partial y_j(n)}{\partial v_j(n)}$$
$$=
e_j(n)\cdot
\varphi_j'(v_j(n))

Local

\delta_j(n)=-
\frac{\partial\mathfrak E (n)}{\partial y_j(n)}
\frac{\partial y_j(n)}{\partial v_j(n)}$$
$$=-
\frac{\partial\mathfrak E (n)}{\partial y_j(n)}
\cdot
\varphi_j'(v_j(n))$$
$$\delta_j(n)=
\varphi_j'(v_j(n))
\cdot
\sum_k \delta_k(n)\cdot w_{kj}(n)$$

## Weight Correction
$$\text{weight correction = learning rate $\cdot$ local gradient $\cdot$ input signal of neuron $j$}$$
$$\Delta w_{ji}(n)=\eta\cdot\delta_j(n)\cdot y_i(n)$$

-   Looking for partial derivative of error with respect to each weight
-   4 partial derivatives
	1.  Sum of squared errors WRT error in one output node
	2.  Error WRT output $y$
	3.  Output Y WRT Pre-activation function sum
	4.  Pre-activation function sum WRT weight
		-   Other weights constant, goes to zero
		-   Leaves just $y_i$
	-   Collect 3 boxed terms as delta $j$
		-   Local gradient
-   Weight correction can be too slow raw
	-   Gets stuck
	-   Add momentum

![[mlp-local-hidden-grad.png]]

-   Nodes further back
	-   More complicated
	-   Sum of later local gradients multiplied by backward weight (orange)
	-   Multiplied by differential of activation function at node

## Global Minimum
-   Much more complex error surface than least-means-squared
-   No guarantees of convergence
	-   Non-linear optimisation
-   Momentum
	- $+\alpha\Delta w_{ji}(n-1), 0\leq|\alpha|<1$
	-   Proportional to the change in weights last iteration
		-   Can shoot past local minima if descending quickly

![[mlp-global-minimum.png]]