stem/AI/Problem Solving.md
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Markdown

# Problem Types
- Toy/game problems
- Illustrative
- Real world problems
- Exact solutions
# Intelligent Agents
*Any thing which can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through its affectors*
## Reflex
![](img/problem-solving-reflex.png)
## Goal Based
![](img/problem-solving-goal-based.png)
## Utility-based
# Environments
- (in)accessible
- (non)-deterministic
- (non)-episodic
- Static/dynamic
- Discrete/continuous
# Solving
1. Precise problem definition
- Start conditions and goal state
2. Problem analysis
- Appropriate representation
- Problem characteristics
- Knowledge intensive
- Decomposability
3. Choice of best technique
# Moves
- Ignorable
- Simple control structure
- Recoverable
- Backtrack using control stack
- Irrecoverable
- Much effort needed for each decision/move
![](img/problem-solving-arch.png)
- Control
- Cause movement
- Be systematic
- Be guided by heuristics
# Predictability
## 8 Puzzle
- Can plan ahead with certainty — only need a
control structure with backtracking
- recoverable, certain outcome
## Chess
- Future moves are not predictable with certainty.
- May need to consider several possibilities, and decide best option based on Incomplete information
- irrecoverable — once a piece is taken cannot in general recover from this state.
- deciding on an optimal move can be difficult
- try to predict opponent's move