- Binding is an API that provides glue code - Allows language to use a foreign library or OS ## Runtime Environments ### Object Models - COM - [C++](Languages/C++.md) - Component Object Model - MS only cross-language model - CLI - [dotNet](Languages/dotNet.md) - .NET Common Language Infrastructure - Freedesktop.org D-Bus - Open cross-platform-language model ### Virtual Machines - CLR - [dotNet](Languages/dotNet.md) - .NET Common Language Runtime - Mono - CLI languages - Cross-platform - Adobe Flash Player - Tamarin - JVM - [LLVM](Compilers.md#LLVM) - Silverlight