sarsoo/stem
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
9cb42093cc
stem/Speech/Linguistics/Vowels.md

70 lines
130 KiB
Markdown
Raw Normal View History

vault backup: 2023-12-22 16:39:03 Affected files: .obsidian/community-plugins.json .obsidian/graph.json .obsidian/plugins/calendar/data.json .obsidian/plugins/calendar/main.js .obsidian/plugins/calendar/manifest.json .obsidian/plugins/dataview/main.js .obsidian/plugins/dataview/manifest.json .obsidian/plugins/dataview/styles.css .obsidian/workspace.json Events/Cardiff.md Events/November 27th Week.md Events/🪣🪣🪣.md Food/From Aldi.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-06-18.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-06-24.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-07-30.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-06.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-13.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-20.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-27.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-03.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-10.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-17.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-25.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-02.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-14.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-22.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-30.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-05.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-14.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-20.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-03.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-11.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-16.md Food/Meals.md Food/Sauces.md Lab/DNS.md Lab/Deleted Packages.md Lab/Domains.md Lab/Ebook Laundering.md Lab/Home.md Lab/Linux/Alpine.md Lab/Linux/KDE.md Lab/Photo Migration.md Lab/VPN Servers.md Languages/Arabic.md Languages/Spanish/Spanish.md Languages/Spanish/Tenses.md Languages/Spanish/Verbs.md Money/Me/Accounts.md Money/Me/Car.md Money/Me/Home.md Money/Me/Income.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-04.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-05.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-06.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-07.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-08.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-09.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-10.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-11.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-12.md Money/Me/Subs.md STEM/AI/Classification/Classification.md STEM/AI/Classification/Decision Trees.md STEM/AI/Classification/Gradient Boosting Machine.md STEM/AI/Classification/Logistic Regression.md STEM/AI/Classification/Random Forest.md STEM/AI/Classification/Supervised/SVM.md STEM/AI/Classification/Supervised/Supervised.md STEM/AI/Ethics.md STEM/AI/Kalman Filter.md STEM/AI/Learning.md STEM/AI/Literature.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Activation Functions.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Architectures.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/CNN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Convolutional Layer.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Examples.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/FCN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/FlowNet.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Highway Networks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/ResNet.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Skip Connections.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Super-Resolution.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/CycleGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/DC-GAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/GAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/StackGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/cGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Inception Layer.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Interpretation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Max Pooling.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Normalisation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/UpConv.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Data Manipulations.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Datasets.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Filters.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Layer Structure.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Visual Search/Visual Search.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Deep Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Boltzmann.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Competitive Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Credit-Assignment Problem.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Hebbian.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Tasks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/Back-Propagation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/Decision Boundary.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/MLP.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Neural Networks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Properties+Capabilities.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Autoencoder.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Deep Image Prior.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/LSTM.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/MoCo.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/RNN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Representation Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/SimCLR.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/VQA.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/Least Mean Square.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/Perceptron Convergence.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/SLP.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Training.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/Attention.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/LLM.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/Transformers.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Weight Init.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Dynamic Time Warping.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Markov/Markov.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Pattern Matching.md STEM/AI/Problem Solving.md STEM/AI/Properties.md STEM/AI/Searching/Informed.md STEM/AI/Searching/Searching.md STEM/AI/Searching/Uninformed.md STEM/CS/ABI.md STEM/CS/Calling Conventions.md STEM/CS/ISA.md STEM/CS/Languages/Assembly.md STEM/CS/Languages/Javascript.md STEM/CS/Languages/Python.md STEM/CS/Languages/Rust.md STEM/CS/Quantum.md STEM/CS/Resources.md STEM/IOT/Networking/Networking.md STEM/Light.md STEM/Quantum/Confinement.md STEM/Quantum/Orbitals.md STEM/Quantum/Schrödinger.md STEM/Quantum/Standard Model.md STEM/Quantum/Wave Function.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Consonants.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Language Structure.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Linguistics.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Terms.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Vowels.md STEM/Speech/Literature.md STEM/Speech/NLP/NLP.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Recognition.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Applications.md Work/Possible Tasks.md Work/Tech.md
2023-12-22 16:39:03 +00:00
---
tags:
- linguistics
vault backup: 2023-12-27 22:38:55 Affected files: .obsidian/graph.json .obsidian/workspace.json Gaming/Steam controllers.md Gaming/Ubisoft.md STEM/Signal Proc/Convolution.md STEM/Signal Proc/Fourier Transform.md STEM/Signal Proc/Pole-Zero.md STEM/Signal Proc/System Classes.md STEM/Signal Proc/Transfer Function.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Consonants.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Linguistics.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Terms.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Vowels.md STEM/Speech/Literature.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Jargon.md STEM/Speech/NLP/NLP.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Recognition.md STEM/Speech/Perception/Perception.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Applications.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Source-Filter.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Vocal Tract.md Work/Applications/Anthropic/Cover letter.md Work/Applications/Anthropic/In line with values.md Work/Applications/Anthropic/Why Work.md Work/Companies.md Work/Freelancing.md Work/Products.md Work/Tech.md
2023-12-27 22:38:56 +00:00
- speech
vault backup: 2023-12-22 16:39:03 Affected files: .obsidian/community-plugins.json .obsidian/graph.json .obsidian/plugins/calendar/data.json .obsidian/plugins/calendar/main.js .obsidian/plugins/calendar/manifest.json .obsidian/plugins/dataview/main.js .obsidian/plugins/dataview/manifest.json .obsidian/plugins/dataview/styles.css .obsidian/workspace.json Events/Cardiff.md Events/November 27th Week.md Events/🪣🪣🪣.md Food/From Aldi.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-06-18.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-06-24.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-07-30.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-06.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-13.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-20.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-08-27.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-03.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-10.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-17.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-09-25.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-02.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-14.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-22.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-10-30.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-05.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-14.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-11-20.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-03.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-11.md Food/Meal Plans/Meals - 2023-12-16.md Food/Meals.md Food/Sauces.md Lab/DNS.md Lab/Deleted Packages.md Lab/Domains.md Lab/Ebook Laundering.md Lab/Home.md Lab/Linux/Alpine.md Lab/Linux/KDE.md Lab/Photo Migration.md Lab/VPN Servers.md Languages/Arabic.md Languages/Spanish/Spanish.md Languages/Spanish/Tenses.md Languages/Spanish/Verbs.md Money/Me/Accounts.md Money/Me/Car.md Money/Me/Home.md Money/Me/Income.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-04.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-05.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-06.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-07.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-08.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-09.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-10.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-11.md Money/Me/Monthly/23-12.md Money/Me/Subs.md STEM/AI/Classification/Classification.md STEM/AI/Classification/Decision Trees.md STEM/AI/Classification/Gradient Boosting Machine.md STEM/AI/Classification/Logistic Regression.md STEM/AI/Classification/Random Forest.md STEM/AI/Classification/Supervised/SVM.md STEM/AI/Classification/Supervised/Supervised.md STEM/AI/Ethics.md STEM/AI/Kalman Filter.md STEM/AI/Learning.md STEM/AI/Literature.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Activation Functions.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Architectures.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/CNN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Convolutional Layer.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Examples.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/FCN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/FlowNet.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Highway Networks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/ResNet.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Skip Connections.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/FCN/Super-Resolution.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/CycleGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/DC-GAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/GAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/StackGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/GAN/cGAN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Inception Layer.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Interpretation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Max Pooling.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/Normalisation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CNN/UpConv.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Data Manipulations.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Datasets.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Filters.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Layer Structure.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/CV/Visual Search/Visual Search.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Deep Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Boltzmann.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Competitive Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Credit-Assignment Problem.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Hebbian.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Learning/Tasks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/Back-Propagation.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/Decision Boundary.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/MLP/MLP.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Neural Networks.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Properties+Capabilities.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Autoencoder.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Deep Image Prior.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/LSTM.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/MoCo.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/RNN.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/Representation Learning.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/SimCLR.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/RNN/VQA.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/Least Mean Square.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/Perceptron Convergence.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/SLP/SLP.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Training.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/Attention.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/LLM.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Transformers/Transformers.md STEM/AI/Neural Networks/Weight Init.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Dynamic Time Warping.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Markov/Markov.md STEM/AI/Pattern Matching/Pattern Matching.md STEM/AI/Problem Solving.md STEM/AI/Properties.md STEM/AI/Searching/Informed.md STEM/AI/Searching/Searching.md STEM/AI/Searching/Uninformed.md STEM/CS/ABI.md STEM/CS/Calling Conventions.md STEM/CS/ISA.md STEM/CS/Languages/Assembly.md STEM/CS/Languages/Javascript.md STEM/CS/Languages/Python.md STEM/CS/Languages/Rust.md STEM/CS/Quantum.md STEM/CS/Resources.md STEM/IOT/Networking/Networking.md STEM/Light.md STEM/Quantum/Confinement.md STEM/Quantum/Orbitals.md STEM/Quantum/Schrödinger.md STEM/Quantum/Standard Model.md STEM/Quantum/Wave Function.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Consonants.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Language Structure.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Linguistics.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Terms.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Vowels.md STEM/Speech/Literature.md STEM/Speech/NLP/NLP.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Recognition.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Applications.md Work/Possible Tasks.md Work/Tech.md
2023-12-22 16:39:03 +00:00
---
vault backup: 2023-06-06 17:01:49 Affected files: STEM/AI/Kalman Filter.md STEM/Signal Proc/Convolution.md STEM/Signal Proc/Image/Tracking.md STEM/Signal Proc/Pole-Zero.md STEM/Signal Proc/Transfer Function.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Consonants.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Linguistics.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/README.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Terms.md STEM/Speech/Linguistics/Vowels.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Jargon.md STEM/Speech/NLP/NLP.md STEM/Speech/NLP/README.md STEM/Speech/NLP/Recognition.md STEM/Speech/Perception/Perception.md STEM/Speech/Perception/README.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Applications.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/README.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Source-Filter.md STEM/Speech/Speech Processing/Vocal Tract.md STEM/img/english-phoneme-table.png STEM/img/formant.png STEM/img/pole-zero-attenuation.png STEM/img/pole-zero-feedback.png STEM/img/pole-zero-stable.png STEM/img/roc-right-left.png STEM/img/roc-two-sided.png STEM/img/spectrum-vocal-tract.png STEM/img/transfer-stable-unstable.png STEM/img/vowel-chart.png STEM/img/vowel-spaces.png
2023-06-06 17:01:49 +01:00
ALL VOICED
[Wikipedia - Vowel Sounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel#Audio_samples)
# Monophthong
- Vowel whose quality does not change over the duration
- Pure
- Stable
- Speech apparatus doesn't transition
# Diphthong
- Glides from one quality to another
- Gliding
- Two targets
- Tongue and/or other parts  of speech apparatus
- Moves between
- No highway cowboy
- Often when separate vowels glide naturally in natural speech
- Also unitary diphthongs as above
- Heard as single phoneme
[![File:Belgian Dutch diphthongs chart.svg](data:image/png;base64,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
[![File:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven Dutch centering diphthongs chart.svg](data:image/png;base64,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
# Triphthong
- Three qualities
- [aʊ̯ə̯], hour
- [aɪ̯ə̯], fire
- [ɔɪ̯ə̯], employer, "loir"
# Hiatus
- Contrast a diphthong
- Two adjacent vowel sounds that don't glide
- Occur in different syllables
- Re-elect
- Hiatus
- Hiatus and diphthong
![](../../img/vowel-spaces.png)
![](../../img/vowel-chart.png)
[![File:Cardinal vowel tongue position-front.svg](data:image/png;base64,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
# Stress & Reduction
- Stress
- Phonemic
- Distinguishable
- Insight/incite
- Increase/increase
- Noun or verb
- Initial-stress-derived-noun
- Stress to first syllable
- Turns verb into noun
- Unstressed
- Reduced vowels
- Central vowel
- Schwa
- ə
- Most common
- A - about
- E - synthesis
- O - harmony
- U - medium
- I - decimal
![](../../img/english-phoneme-table.png)
Reference in New Issue Copy Permalink