stem/Speech/Linguistics/Consonants.md

---
tags:
  - linguistics
  - speech
---
- Complete or partial closure of vocal tract
- Voiced/Unvoiced

# Nasal
- Mouth closed and velum lowered
- Vowel-like structure, weaker energy
- Sound through nose
- English has only voiced nasals
- Can be identified by direction of formant movement
- m, n, ng
- Locations
	- Labial
		- Lips
		- m
	- Alveolar
		- Palatal ridge
		- n
	- Velar
		- Soft palate
		- ng

# Plosive
- Closure which is released
- Voiced or unvoiced
	- Based on when voicing starts
	- t, d
- Trill
- Tap or flap
- Locations
	- Labial
		- Lips
		- p, b
	- Alveolar
		- Palatal ridge
		- t, d
	- Velar
		- Soft palate
		- k, g

# Fricative
- Air forced through constriction
- Jet of turbulence
- Noisy
- Voiced
	- v, z
- Unvoiced
	- f, s
- Frequency cut-off
	- Inversely proportional to length of cavity in front of constriction
- Sibilants
	- Air forced over teeth
	- s, z
- Affricate
	- Abrupt start to frication
	- Ch, J

# Approximant
- Articulators move close, some perturbations
- Vowel-like structure, weaker energy
- Upward trajectory of formants
- r, y, l , w