added more examples

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 /target
+hello.txt

Cargo.lock

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rusty-playground"
+name = "rustyplayground"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "rand",

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [package]
-name = "rusty-playground"
+name = "rustyplayground"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["aj <andrewjpack@gmail.com>"]
 edition = "2018"

src/collections.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+// tuples and arrays
+// both stack-based
+pub fn compound() {
+    let tup = (500, 'a');
+    let (_, second) = tup;
+    println!("tuple: {}/{}", tup.0, second);
+
+    // all of same type, [u8; 4] = 4 u8 types
+    let _arr: [u8; 4] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+    let repeater = [3; 5]; // broadcasts 5 elements of 3
+    println!("Retrieving from array: {}", repeater[3]);
+}
+
+pub fn vectors() {
+    let v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
+    let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+    v.push(5);
+
+    let mut v: Vec<_> = v.iter().map(|x| x + 1).collect();
+
+    println!("{:?}", v);
+    println!("2nd element is {}, {}", 
+        &v[1], // will crash with index-out-of-bounds
+        v.get(1).unwrap() // get an option to handle gracefully
+    );
+
+    for i in &mut v{
+        *i += 1;
+        println!("item: {}", i);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn hash() {
+    let mut map = HashMap::new();
+
+    map.insert("a".to_string(), 5);
+
+    map.insert("b".to_string(), 6);
+    map.insert("b".to_string(), 7); // overwrites
+
+    // map.insert("c".to_string(), 10);
+    map.entry("c".to_string()).or_insert(8);
+
+    println!("{:?}", map);
+
+    for (key, val) in map {
+        println!("{}: {}", key, val);
+    }
+
+    let text = "hello world wonderful world";
+
+    let mut map = HashMap::new();
+
+    for word in text.split_whitespace() {
+        let count = map.entry(word).or_insert(0);
+        *count += 1;
+    }
+
+    println!("{:?}", map);
+}

src/iterate.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod iterate {
     impl Iterator for Counter {
         type Item = u32;
         
+        /// Get next item from the iterator
         fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
             if self.count < 5 {
                 self.count += 1;

src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//! Crate documentation
+
+/// Print hello world to the screen
+/// # Title
+pub fn print_hello(){
+    println!("Hello World!");
+}
+
+/// Return sum of input
+/// 
+/// # Examples
+/// ```
+/// let z = rustyplayground::add(1, 2);
+/// 
+/// assert_eq!(3, z)
+/// ```
+pub fn add(x: isize, y: isize) -> isize {
+    x + y
+}
+
+pub mod new_mod {
+    //! # Documented module
+    //! 
+    
+    pub fn fun() {
+
+    }
+}

src/lifetimes.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+// declare lifetime after function name like generic type
+// both parameters have same lifetime and must be alive when returned
+fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
+    if x.len() > y.len() {
+        x
+    } else {
+        y
+    }
+}
+// doesn't change lifetimes of parameters, just annotates enough
+// that the compiler can reject stuff that won't work
+
+// structs can have reference members
+// annotate with lifetimes to ensure struct doesn't outlive reference 
+struct ImportantExcerpt<'a> {
+    part: &'a str,
+}
+
+// generic types, trait bounds and lifetimes
+fn longest_with_an_announcement<'a, T>(
+    x: &'a str,
+    y: &'a str,
+    ann: T,
+) -> &'a str
+where
+    T: Display,
+{
+    println!("Announcement! {}", ann);
+    if x.len() > y.len() {
+        x
+    } else {
+        y
+    }
+}

src/macros.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,20 @@ macro_rules! log {
     }
 }
 
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! simple_vec {
+    // comma is literal, comma indicates zero or more
+    ( $( $x:expr ),* ) => {
+        {
+            let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
+            $(
+                temp_vec.push($x);
+            )*
+            temp_vec
+        }
+    };
+}
+
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! expr_stringer {
     // This macro takes an expression of type `expr` and prints

src/main.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
-use std::io;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{self, Read, ErrorKind};
 use rand::Rng;
+// use rustyplayground;
 
 mod iterate;
 mod macros;
+mod structs;
+mod collections;
+mod threads;
 
 fn main() {
-    basics();
+    // rustyplayground::print_hello();
-    compare();
+    // basics();
-    loops();
+    // compare();
-    vars();
+    // loops();
-    compound();
+    // vars();
+    // collections::compound();
+    // collections::vectors();
+    collections::hash();
+    threads::start_threads();
+    threads::thread_channel();
 
-    println!("testing returns: {}", returning(2));
+    // println!("testing returns: {}", returning(2));
-    strings();
+    // strings();
-    nullables();
+    // nullables();
+
+    nested_error_matching();
 }
 
 fn basics() { 
@@ -47,9 +59,9 @@ fn basics() {
     let r_num = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(1, 101);
     println!("random number: {}", r_num);
 
-    let vec = build_vector3(1, 2, 3);
+    let vec = structs::build_vector3(1, 2, 3);
     println!("Vector: {}/{}/{}", vec.x, vec.y, vec.z);
-    let vec2 = update_x(vec);
+    let vec2 = structs::update_x(vec);
     println!("Vector2: {:#?}", vec2)
 }
 
@@ -110,16 +122,6 @@ fn vars() {
     let _f = 2.0; // defaults to 64 bit
 }
 
-fn compound() {
-    let tup = (500, 'a');
-    let (_, second) = tup;
-    println!("tuple: {}/{}", tup.0, second);
-
-    let _arr: [u8; 4] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
-    let repeater = [3; 5]; // stretches to 5 elements of 3
-    println!("Retrieving from array: {}", repeater[3]);
-}
-
 fn returning(input: i32) -> i32 {
     let _stuff = 0;
 
@@ -132,51 +134,28 @@ fn returning(input: i32) -> i32 {
 
 fn strings() {
     let mut s = String::from("hello");
+    let s2 = "world!".to_string();
+    let s3 = String::from("hello");
+
+    // cannot [] index strings due to utf-8 encoding
+
     s.push_str(", world!");
-    println!("Sliced: {}", &s[4..8]);
+    println!("Sliced: {}", &s[4..8]); // slice
-}
+    println!("Appended: {}", s3 + " 2"); // takes ownership of s3
+    println!("{}", 
+        format!("{} {}", s, s2)
+    ); 
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+    let s4 = "abcd".to_string();
-struct Vector3 {
+    for i in s4.chars() {
-    x: i32,
+        println!("{}", i);
-    y: i32,
-    z: i32,
-}
-
-impl Vector3 {
-    fn dot(&self, other: &Vector3) -> i32 {
-        self.x * other.x
-        +
-        self.y * other.y
-        +
-        self.z * other.z
     }
-}
 
-fn build_vector3(x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Vector3 {
+    for i in s4.bytes() {
-    Vector3 {
+        println!("{}", i);
-        x, y, z
     }
 }
 
-fn update_x(vec: Vector3) -> Vector3 {
-    Vector3 {
-        x: 5,
-        ..vec
-    }
-}
-
-enum ColourChannel {
-    Red,
-    Green,
-    Blue
-}
-
-enum IpAddr {
-    V4(u8, u8, u8, u8),
-    V6(String),
-}
-
 fn nullables() {
     let _some_number = Some(5);
     let _some_string = Some("a string");
@@ -184,7 +163,71 @@ fn nullables() {
     let _absent_number: Option<i32> = None;
 }
 
+fn nested_error_matching() {
+    let f = File::open("hello.txt");
+
+    // .unwrap() get inner value or panic
+    // .expect() as above but with custom error message
+
+    let f = match f {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(error) => match error.kind() {
+            ErrorKind::NotFound => match File::create("hello.txt") {
+                Ok(fc) => fc,
+                Err(e) => panic!("Problem creating the file: {:?}", e),
+            },
+            other_error => {
+                panic!("Problem opening the file: {:?}", other_error)
+            }
+        },
+    };
+
+    let f = File::open("hello.txt").unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+        if error.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound {
+            File::create("hello.txt").unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+                panic!("Problem creating the file: {:?}", error);
+            })
+        } else {
+            panic!("Problem opening the file: {:?}", error);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+fn propagate_err() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    let f = File::open("hello.txt");
+
+    let mut f = match f {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(e) => return Err(e),
+    };
+
+    let mut s = String::new();
+
+    match f.read_to_string(&mut s) {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(s),
+        Err(e) => Err(e),
+    }
+}
+
+fn propagate_err_operator() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    let mut f = File::open("hello.txt")?;
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    f.read_to_string(&mut s)?; // continue if ok, return error if not, convert to return type if required
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+fn propagate_err_operator_shorter() -> Result<String, io::Error> {
+    
+    // can also be done with fs::read_to_string()
+
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    File::open("hello.txt")?.read_to_string(&mut s)?; // continue if ok, return error if not, convert to return type if required
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+
 #[cfg(test)]
+// #[warn(unused_imports)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
@@ -192,4 +235,21 @@ mod tests {
     fn test1() {
         assert_eq!(2, 1 + 1);
     }
+
+    #[ignore]
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "index out of bounds")] // check that panic message is substring of actual
+    fn test_panic() {
+        let arr = vec![1, 2, 3];
+        arr[4];
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_result() -> Result<(), String> {
+        if 2 + 2 == 4 {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err("Error".to_string())
+        }
+    }
 }

src/pointers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+// indireaction of box lets list be a fixed size
+enum List {
+    Cons(i32, Box<List>),
+    Nil,
+}
+
+fn box_ptr() {
+    let b = Box::new(5); // implements deref and drop
+    println!("b = {}", b);
+}

src/structs.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// and enums
+
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+pub trait Euclidean {
+    fn cross();
+    fn magnitude() {
+        println!("Hello World");
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Vector3 {
+    pub x: i32,
+    pub y: i32,
+    pub z: i32,
+}
+
+impl Vector3 {
+    fn dot(&self, other: &Vector3) -> i32 {
+        self.x * other.x
+        +
+        self.y * other.y
+        +
+        self.z * other.z
+    }
+}
+
+impl Euclidean for Vector3 {
+    fn cross() {}
+}
+
+// FIELD INIT SHORTHAND
+pub fn build_vector3(x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Vector3 {
+    Vector3 {
+        x, y, z
+    }
+}
+
+// STRUCT UPDATE SYNTAX
+pub fn update_x(vec: Vector3) -> Vector3 {
+    Vector3 {
+        x: 5,
+        ..vec
+    }
+}
+
+// use trait as a parameter type
+pub fn compound_mag(x: &impl Euclidean, 
+    y: &(impl Euclidean + Display)) // multiple required traits
+{
+
+}
+
+// above is sugar for below, restrictions on generic types
+pub fn compound_mag_long<T: Euclidean + Display>(x: &T) 
+    -> impl Display // specify just traits of a return type
+{
+    5 // for display trait
+}
+
+// use where for easier reading
+pub fn compound_mag_where<T>(x: &T) 
+    where T: Euclidean + Display {
+}
+
+enum ColourChannel {
+    Red,
+    Green,
+    Blue
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum IpAddr {
+    V4(u8, u8, u8, u8),
+    V6(String),
+}
+
+// can add methods to enums as well
+impl IpAddr {
+    fn print(&self) {
+        println!("{:?}", self);
+    }
+}

src/threads.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+
+// 1:1 threads
+pub fn start_threads() {
+
+    let v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+
+    // use move to transfer data into new thread
+    let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+        println!("{:?}", v);
+        for i in v {
+            println!("{} from separate thread", i);
+        }
+    });
+
+    handle.join().unwrap();
+    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+}
+
+pub fn thread_channel() {
+
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+
+    // use move to transfer data into new thread
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        tx.send("Hello message!".to_string()).unwrap();
+    });
+
+    let rec = rx.recv().unwrap();
+    println!("{}", rec);
+
+    // MULTIPLE
+
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+
+    // use move to transfer data into new thread
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let vals = vec![
+            String::from("h"),
+            String::from("e"),
+            String::from("l"),
+            String::from("l"),
+            String::from("o"),
+        ];
+
+        for val in vals {
+            tx.send(val).unwrap();
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200));
+        }
+    });
+
+    for rec in rx {
+        println!("{}", rec);
+    }
+}