added battery justification and structure for lca

This commit is contained in:
aj 2020-12-21 16:13:13 +00:00
parent 26522d92bb
commit 819408d749
5 changed files with 312 additions and 11 deletions

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@ -354,6 +354,39 @@
urldate = {2020-12-20},
}
@Misc{strathclyde-fuel-cell-efficiency,
author = {{Green Box Systems Group}},
howpublished = {Online},
month = apr,
title = {Fuel Cell Construction and Performance Characterisation},
year = {2000},
groups = {Battery},
organization = {University of Strathclyde},
url = {http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/99-00/bio_fuel_cells/groupproject/library/constructionefficiency/text.htm},
urldate = {2020-12-21},
}
@Misc{elec-a2z-fuel-cell-iv,
author = {Ahmed Faizan},
howpublished = {Online},
title = {Fuel Cell: Characteristics Curve & Losses},
year = {2018},
groups = {Battery},
url = {https://electricala2z.com/renewable-energy/fuel-cell-characteristics-curve-losses/},
urldate = {2020-12-21},
}
@TechReport{circular-energy-li-lca,
author = {Hans Eric Melin},
institution = {Circular Energy Storage},
title = {Analysis of the climate impact of lithium-ion batteries and how to measure it},
year = {2019},
type = {resreport},
groups = {Battery},
url = {https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2019_11_Analysis_CO2_footprint_lithium-ion_batteries.pdf},
urldate = {2020-12-21},
}
@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}
@Comment{jabref-meta: grouping:

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@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ figs-within-sections
\use_indices false
\paperorientation portrait
\suppress_date true
\justification true
\justification false
\use_refstyle 1
\use_minted 0
\index Index
@ -151,6 +151,14 @@ January 2021
Sustainable Cable Ship - Group 1
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Sustainability
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part
Vessel Study
\end_layout
@ -192,6 +200,211 @@ Justify need for buffer battery, surrounding power electronics
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The use of Ammonia fuel cells for power generation on the vessel provides
the opportunity to eliminate direct
\begin_inset Formula $CO_{2}$
\end_inset
emissions from the vessel; when produced using renewable energy (
\emph on
green ammonia
\emph default
), the entire fuel supply chain from production to use can be made carbon-neutra
l.
From an electrical perspective, however, the current-voltage characteristics
of such a system must be considered.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Figure
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:fuel-cell-iv"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
presents the I-V characteristics for a typical fuel cell, it can be seen
that drawing more current from a cell reduces it's voltage.
As
\begin_inset Formula $P=IV$
\end_inset
, this inverse relationship results in an optimum current draw to operate
with the highest efficiency or power density.
Operating outside of this area will accentuate losses, the dominant effects
of each operating region can be seen in figure
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:fuel-cell-iv-losses"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
\end_inset
.
Comparing the two graphs, it can be seen that the optimum operating state
would be in R-2; in fact drawing excess current and pushing into R-3 can
damage the cell,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand citep
key "elec-a2z-fuel-cell-iv"
literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename fuel-cell-i-v.gif
width 60col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Current-Voltage characteristics for a typical fuel cell, rated operating
point highlighted,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "strathclyde-fuel-cell-efficiency"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:fuel-cell-iv"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename fuel-cell-iv-a2z.jpg
lyxscale 50
width 60col%
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Current-Voltage characteristics for a fuel cell with dominant losses highlighted
in each operating region,
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "elec-a2z-fuel-cell-iv"
literal "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:fuel-cell-iv-losses"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
From these figures, fuel cells could be described as being sensitive to
a noisy or dynamic load draw.
This could pose a complication if these cells to be directly coupled to
the drive motor stage where changes in thrust and therefore required power
can be vary quickly, especially when using dynamic positioning in a high
sea state.
Ideally, the use of more cells operating in their optimum state would be
preferred over increasing the draw on a smaller population
\begin_inset Flex TODO Note (Margin)
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Is this valid?
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
However, this increase in active cells is not an instantaneous operation
and cells require time to reach their optimum state.
To allow this focus on efficiency, the load including hotel and propulsion
power should be decoupled from the fuel cells with an electrical storage
buffer in between.
This will allow the buffer to absorb spikes in load draw and allow the
fuel cells to increase power generation by increasing active cells instead
of individual draw.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following outlines solutions for this described buffer, rechargeable
batteries are the natural option and as such this is considered first.
Other, innovative solutions are also outlined before the implementation
of a suitable solution is presented along with the safety and financial
implications of such a system.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Rechargeable Battery Chemistry
\end_layout
@ -978,8 +1191,8 @@ noprefix "false"
power draw of the battery and the characteristics of the 18650 Lithium
cell being used.
The result was 237,169 cells.
These cells are arranged into a M x N matrix of parallel and series blocks,
all the series blocks connected in parallel must be of the same length
These cells are arranged into a matrix of parallel and series blocks, all
the series blocks connected in parallel must be of the same length
\begin_inset Flex TODO Note (Margin)
status open
@ -1053,6 +1266,68 @@ Price per pack
Life-cycle Analysis
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex TODO Note (inline)
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Changing over time
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex TODO Note (inline)
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Meta analysis
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Cradle-to-Gate
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
End-of-Life
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Summary
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Sustainability
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Although many of the important environmental aspects of sustainability are
covered by a life-cycle analysis, there are other elements to sustainability
as previously described.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex TODO Note (inline)
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lithium and cobalt mining
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Time-dependent Modelling
\end_layout
@ -2464,13 +2739,6 @@ name "fig:Network-topology"
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:bibliography"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
LatexCommand bibtex
btprint "btPrintCited"

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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ cell_rec_emb_c = 15; % kgCO2eq/kWh
%I_IN = 10; % A
% above ignored if P_IN defined
MAX_P_IN = 8e6; % W, max power from fuel cells
P_IN_LOAD = 0.8; % most efficient load percent
P_IN_LOAD = 0.7; % most efficient load percent
P_IN = MAX_P_IN * P_IN_LOAD; % W